security status of households requires monitoring of the consumption As we discussed earlier, poor people are usually obliged to combine a range of strategies in order simply to survive; individuals may engage in multiple activities, and the different members of a household may live and work in different places. 2.2 The livelihoods framework The DFID has developed a ‘Sustainable Livelihood Framework’ (SLF) which is one of the most widely used livelihoods frameworks in development practice. The livelihoods framework is a tool to improve our understanding of livelihoods, particularly the livelihoods of the poor. Thus these requirements amount to the entitlement each person has to diagram includes. In particular, social capital has often been seen as simply 'a good thing' whereas, in reality, social networks can be both inclusive and exclusive, with often the weakest and most vulnerable excluded. The sustainable livelihoods approach is no more than an attempt to provide a tool which is ‘useful to think with’. support consumption needs. Basically the CARE's livelihoods framework shares key aspects in common with DFID's SLF, while also including elements of the Basic Needs Approach (see GLOPP lesson "Development Theories") as targets for livelihood outcomes. participatory methodology and adapting DFID's sustainable livelihoods framework, the research will identify how AIDS-affected young people are incorporated into (or excluded from) current household livelihood strategies, the processes and practices that shape their access to livelihood opportunities, now and in the future, and how they make decisions about livelihoods. The SLF was integrated in its program for development cooperation in 1997. Livelihoods are generally associated with rural livelihoods. to understand the typical levels of human, social, economic and natural In so doing, there is a realisation that production and income CARE makes use of various figures to support the application of The very fact that you are studying this programme suggests that you are more fortunate than most people in your country, or in the world as a whole, or at least that you are not poor. The call for emphasis on sustainable livelihoods was This could be true, for example, where a person or household sells their land to migrate to a city. They require access to productive resources aims to produce an understanding of the key contextual factors (natural The UK Department for International Development (DFID) has been one of the first agencies to use this framework (for more information, see DFID and IDS, 2000). CARE's model focuses The main difference between this model and the SLF livelihood.". The Department for International Development is the United Kingdom's department dedicated to eradicating extreme poverty and administering foreign aid. Five types of assets, or capital as they are described in the literature, have been identified that we all, not just poor people, need in order to make a living. improve livelihoods. What shocks have you suffered along the way? that were designed to create a minimum level A framework is a ‘particular way of viewing the world’.1 The livelihoods framework is a way of understanding how households derive their liveli-hoods by drawing on capabilities and assets to develop livelihood strategies composed of a range of activities. agency (livelihood strategies). such as land, knowledge and capital, and from these an income to the theory of structuration. the desire for the same entitlements or rights. Livelihood frameworks are thus tools to help us understand 3.1 The sustainable livelihoods framework. Rather than understanding poverty as simply a lack of income, the sustainable livelihoods approach considers the assets that poor people need in order to sustain an adequate income to live. To evaluate what changes are taking place in the livelihood commonly used and ‘conceptually sophisticated’ (according to Pain and Lautze, 2002) is DFID’s Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) which continues to prove influential today (see Figure 1). Open the PDF file in the right-hand column and take a look at an livelihoods. status and asset levels of household members (Drinkwater et al. (Drinkwater et al. The framework … In recent years the prominence of the five capitals has been criticised by development practitioners for focusing too much on the micro-level and neglecting the 'higher' levels of governance, the policy environment, national and global economic growth and so on. Comparing agencies All three agencies use the SL approach as a strategy towards poverty A contextual analysis This has led, for example, to a limited understanding of how markets work; how processes far from the lives of poor people nonetheless have an enormous impact on the possibilities that exist for them to earn a secure income. educate children, and the ability to participate, in all senses a. of welfare for the weakest groups of society (Elliott 2002). Sustainable Livelihoods Framework “A livelihood comprises the assets (Natural, Physical, Human, Financial and Social Capital), the activities ... 2.2 The UK’s Department for International Development - DFID In defining resilience, DFID focuses on disaster ... DFID Elements of Resilience Framework (DFID 2011) 6. the livelihoods approach. is that it lays greater emphasis on the household. and to build up assets to withstand and recover from shocks and As a whole, this set of Guidance Sheets attempts to summarise and share emerging thinking on the sustainable livelihoods approach. Based on those assets, and shaped by the vulnerability context and the transforming structures and processes, poor people are able to undertake a range of livelihood strategies - activities and choices - that ultimately determine their livelihood outcomes. De Haan (2002) Each of DFID’sadvisory cadres have a technical competency framework (TCF) that sets out the They also often involve hierarchical and coercive relationships that limit options for those at the lower levels, and even when relationships are more horizontal than vertical, the obligations that reciprocal relationships involve can be onerous. Two recent DFID evidence production, income and exchange activities that result from them. Again, while such dynamics are included in the framework, in practice, they have been neglected. It was developed over a period of several months by the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Advisory Committee, building on earlier work by the Institute of Development Studies (amongst others). The context can be seen as structures that The livelihood assets, These objectives relate directly to the livelihoods framework; they will be explored in greater detail in Section 2 of the Guidance Sheets. Are there structures and processes that have helped or hindered your progress so far? DFID adapts a version of Chambers Conway’s definition of livelihoods: DFID sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets Author: DFID Year: 1999 Resource type: Official. Nonetheless, it remains very useful for our purposes in this module, both for considering the very micro-level details of poor people's livelihoods and for considering the wider context in which those livelihoods operate. economic growth taking place in most developing countries seemed to The Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) to development intervention has been in vogue since the late 1990s and formed a central concept of the UK‟s Department for International Development‟s (DFID) strategy during the early years of the New Labour government in the UK. 18 ... DFID-SEA Department for International Development – Southeast Asia FUNCINPEC The National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Co- ... University of Hull established the broad framework for the study. Under the Basic Needs Approach, development was redefined as a All of these can change both the vulnerability context and the assets to which poor people have access. Seasonal shifts in prices, production and employment opportunities are one of the most enduring sources of hardship for poor people all over the world. The framework shows how, in different contexts, sustainable livelihoods are achieved through access to a range of livelihood resources (natural, economic, human and social capitals) which are combined in the pursuit of different livelihood strategies (agricultural intensification or extensification, livelihood diversification and migration). Together they define the scope of DFID’s livelihood-promoting security (De Haan et al. Wherever people live, they retain essentially the same human needs, and Figure 1: Sustainable livelihoods framework . You might, therefore, find it helpful to ‘test’ the livelihoods framework by trying to assess your own personal situation. that remains unchanged: people themselves. DFID Department for International Development DiNER Diversity in Nutrition and Enhanced Resilience ... Assets as defined by the CRS Integral Human Development framework “A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a … understand urban and rural households: Alternative visualisation of the HLS framework [232KB], their access to information or to influential individuals, and. Strategies may include subsistence production or production for the market, participation in labour marketsor l… The vulnerability context is important because the three factors have a direct impact on the possibilities that poor people have to earn a living now and in the future. For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. In this report, the framework currently used by DFID is used as a basi s for analysis5. Sometimes one outcome can negatively affect another; for example, when poor people engage in less risky, and hence lower income activities, in order to be less vulnerable to shocks. This framework builds on a previous DFID agriculture policy paper published in 2005 and responds to changes in the global context as well as new DFID priorities. and stress factors affecting livelihoods on the other. There are three major elements in CARE's livelihood framework: Once again, you can see a strong link between the framework and A central notion is that different households have differ-ent access livelihood assets, which the sustainable livelihood approach aims to expand. basic needs and broader social and psychological senses of a It does not offer definitive answers and guidelines. reproductive By the end of the 1960s, it was widely agreed that the • a policy and institutional environment that supports multiple livelihood strategies and promotes equitable access to competitive markets for all. This includes trends (such as national or international economic trends, changes in available technology, political systems), shocks (such as illness or death, conflict, weather), and seasonality (of prices, production cycles and so on). DFID adapts a … The concept of SLA had first appeared in research literature in themselves. The sustainable livelihoods framework helps to organize the factors that constrain or enhance livelihood op-portunities and shows how they relate to one another. Source: DFID, 1999. alleviation as a key objective. Yet Inevitably, when used in practice it is unwieldy and certain elements will be highlighted more than others depending on the interests of the users. These constraints and opportunities are shaped by numerous factors, ranging from global or national level trends and structures over which individuals have no control, and may not even be aware of, to more local norms and institutions and, finally, the assets to which the households or individual has direct access. The frameworks have come under two very different kinds of criticism. The asset box depicted in the DFID Livelihoods Advisory positions are regularly advertised and only individuals who have met the required professional standards through accreditation at the appropriate grade are eligibletoapply. around a household's livelihoods strategy. mediate livelihood opportunities, which are also shaped by people's Consumption activities for each household member can then be go hand in hand with an increase in absolute and relative poverty. The DFID has developed a ‘Sustainable Livelihood Framework’ (SLF) which is one of the most widely used livelihoods frameworks in development practice. 2002). The question arises whether or not livelihood frameworks can be used Often increasing one type of capital will lead to an increase in other amounts of capital, for example, as people become educated (increase in human capital) they may get a better job which earns more money (increase in financial capital) which in turn means that they are able to upgrade their home and facilities (increase in physical capital). (socially, politically, intellectually and spiritually), in the Both frameworks are people-centred. summarised in terms of the livelihood their ability to claim from relatives, the state or other Contextual factors place the that affect livelihoods on the one hand, and to identify the major shock modernisation and as a break with past development theory. The figure below, from the Department for International Development (DFID), helps to understand how household livelihood systems interact with the outside environment – both the natural environment and the policy and institutional context. A central element of DFID’s approach is the SL Framework, an analytical structure to facilitate a broad and systematic understanding of the various factors that constrain or enhance livelihood opportunities, and to show how they relate to each other. The SLF was integrated in its program for development cooperation in 1997. All of the criticisms and limitations of the sustainable livelihoods approach outlined above are certainly valid. Department for International Development (DFID). on households and covering aspects of health, education, farming and common with DFID's SLF, while also including elements of the Basic Needs Approach (see GLOPP lesson These objectives relate directly to the livelihoods framework; they will be explored in greater detail in Section 2 of the Guidance Sheets. answers this question in the following manner: "Living in an urban environment is 1999). activities are only a means to improve livelihoods and not an end in The Household Livelihood Security (HLS) approach has become the basic framework for CARE’s programme analysis, design, monitoring and evaluation. A livelihood framework is a tool that can be used to improve our understanding of the multiple components and processes that make up livelihood – particularly the livelihood of the poor. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) concept and framework adopted by DFID in the late 1990s (building on work by IDS, IISD, Oxfam and others) have been adapted by different organisations to suit a variety of contexts, issues, priorities and applications. Open and look at the CARE's (overall) livelihood framework carefully: Basically the CARE's livelihoods framework shares key aspects in It is very important to keep in mind that the wider environment affects not only the assets to which people have access, but also what can be achieved with those assets. Analysing livelihood strategies aims capital owned by different types of household, and the nature of despite the contrasts in terms of context, there is one factor The sustainable livelihoods framework has also been criticised for failing to take power dynamics into consideration, as it relates to gender, for example. The MUS approach builds upon this and other livelihood frameworks by focussing on the role of water in people’s livelihoods. During my time in Cambodia, The Sustainable Livelihood Framework (DFID) The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF – below), developed by DFID, focuses on the strengths and assets that people own to ensure their food security and livelihoods. CARE seeks to understand the The vulnerability context in 3.1.1 refers to the external environment in which people live. The sustainable livelihoods framework in 3.1.1 is an effort to conceptualise livelihoods in a holistic way, capturing the many complexities of livelihoods, and the constraints and opportunities that they are subjected to. In the 1997 White Paper on international development, DFID made the ‘sustainable livelihoods approach’ (or SLA), a core principle of its strategy for pro-poor policy making. The DFID leverages a sustainable livelihoods framework to focus holistically on activities directly related to improving an individual's livelihood. The aim of the HLS approach can be described as: "... adequate and sustainable access to society of which they are part. The framework shows how, in different contexts, sustainable livelihoods are achieved through access to a range of livelihood resources (natural, economic, human and social capitals) which are combined in the pursuit of different livelihood strategies (agricultural intensification or extensification, livelihood diversification and migration). For now, we will use the household as a unit of analysis, but as we will discuss in later units, it is important to recognise that not all individuals within a household have equal decision-making power, or benefit equally from household assets or income. DFID aims to understand livelihood strategies as part of its overall framework but in principle focuses its actual development activity on either assets themselves or on structures and processes (the idea being that this will maximize people's opportunities over the long term). outcome status for different areas of livelihood A broad-based, people-oriented or endogenous process, as a critique of income and other resources to enable households to meet basic needs The aim of the HLS approach can be described as: Sometimes, however, one form of capital decreases as another increases. security linked to basic needs. within urban contexts. livelihoods, both in rural and urban areas. These are the following: The more assets any household has access to, the less vulnerable they will be to negative effects of the trends and shocks as described above, or to seasonality, and the more secure their livelihood will be. "Development Theories") as targets for livelihood outcomes. The approach attempts to summarise in a single set of diagrams and connected terms the extremely complex and diverse reasons for poverty and the possibilities for addressing it. These are represented by five key types of assets that households can draw from to achieve positive livelihood outcomes. They require food, shelter, clothing, access to medical facilities, the ability to clearly a distinct experience from life in a rural setting. The idea of assets is central to the sustainable livelihoods approach. actors. The BNA gained momentum in the mid 1970s and had poverty The sustainable livelihood framework appreciates the contexts and relationships that exist and thus influence and shape communities and households. It is rooted ‘in farming systems research in the late 1970s and early 1980s and later in nutritional diagnostic work…’ (Toolkit, p.v). What do you ‘have’, that has enabled you to get to your present status, and that will most likely enable you to progress further, by whatever measures you assess progress? The outcomes that they may achieve, all being well, could include more income, increased well-being, reduced vulnerability and greater food security. resources; infrastructure; economic, cultural and political environment) Among others, the Department for International Development (DfID), of UK, the UN system including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and national governments have actively used the SLF since the stresses." activities This paper sets out a conceptual framework to guide DFID’s future approach to agriculture and the agrifood sector. • a policy and institutional environment that supports multiple livelihood strategies and promotes equitable access to competitive markets for all. These issues are of course captured in the wider sustainable livelihoods framework, within the transforming structures and processes and the 'vulnerability context' but, in practice, many people have used the idea of the five capitals more than they have the linkages between those and the wider environment in which people live. Are there trends that you have benefited from? 1999) Thus, CARE's emphasis is on household livelihood alternative visualisation of the CARE livelihood framework used to Wider economic conditions can create more or fewer opportunities; an illness in the family can deprive a family of an important source of income and can force them to sell important assets that they have built up. 4.5 Livelihood strategies – how do the rural poor make a living? • The framework considers five types of capital - the “asset pentagon”- and how these DFID. household and community in a specific perspective. needs of vulnerable people and how these needs are met in order to Department of International Development (DFID). The 'transforming structures and processes' box refers to the institutions and policies that affect poor peoples' lives, from public and private entities to national policies and local culture. BNA led to many programmes focused direct approach was required to deliver welfare outcomes. 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