In the Kottayam district, the literacy rate was 97%. 8 June 2008, Padmalal D, Maya K, Sreebha S & Sreeja R, 2007, Environmental effects of river sand mining: a case from the river catchments of. [434], According to the first economic census, conducted in 1977, 99.7% of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), 98.6% had a middle school within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and 96.7% had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Western Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. They were also the runners-up eight times.[544]. The country's meteorological department follows the international standard of four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (January and February), summer (March, April and May), monsoon (rainy) season (June to September), and a post-monsoon period (October to December). [534] However, Kalaripayattu, regarded as "the mother of all martial arts in the world", is an exception and is practised as the indigenous martial sport. Ramanathaiyer, Sundar, and Stewart MacPherson. The maritime spice trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean (Indu Maha Samundr) stayed with the Arabs during the High and Late Middle Ages. [33] From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE) itself, the Arab sailors used to call Kerala as Male. With 5.2in over 16 days, rainfall can happen throughout your holidays. In contrast to norm, Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. [217] [340][341] However, the Human Development Report 2005, prepared by Centre for Development Studies envisages a virtuous phase of inclusive development for the state since the advancement in human development had already started aiding the economic development of the state. [57] The Land of Keralaputra was one of the four independent kingdoms in southern India during Ashoka's time, the others being Chola, Pandya, and Satiyaputra. [90] A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period around the seventh century. The climate is burning in that area in this month. Kollam Airport, established under the Madras Presidency, but since closed, was the first airport in Kerala. info)) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Climate change in Kerala: Hot air and cold facts Posted on October 29, 2018 by BMJ In this post, Professor Kesavan Rajasekharan Nayar discusses the importance of recognizing climate change as an important factor in the recent flood disaster in the state of Kerala in India especially given the clear signals from the after-effects of the disaster. [383] According to 2011 Census of India figures, 54.73% of Kerala's residents were Hindus, 26.56% are Muslims, 18.38% are Christians, and the remaining 0.32% follow another religion or have no religious affiliation. The zone, a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid sub-tropical savanna and forests, experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert. The rainiest months are July and August. With 590 kilometres (370 miles) of coastal belt,[273] 400,000 hectares of inland water resources[274] and approximately 220,000 active fishermen,[275] Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India. [126], After India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Kochi, part of the Union of India were merged on 1 July 1949 to form Travancore-Cochin. For the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi), was chosen as one of the six venues where the game would be hosted in India. Kerala Climate and Seasons | Kerala Tourism Kerala enjoys three major seasons – summer, monsoon and winter. The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE. As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be strongly variable: epochal droughts, heat waves, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives. The rivers face problems such as sand mining and pollution. [297] The railway network in the state is controlled by two out of six divisions of the Southern Railway; Thiruvananthapuram Railway division and Palakkad Railway Division. It campaigns for increased awareness of LGBT people and sensitisation concerning healthcare services, workplace policies and educational curriculum. [58] Scholars hold that Keralaputra is an alternate name of the Cheras, the first dominant dynasty based in Kerala. An insurrection at the Port of Quilon between the Arabs and the Portuguese led to the end of the Portuguese era in Quilon. In eastern India, monsoon onset dates have been steadily advancing over the past several decades, resulting in shorter summers there.[23]. [56]:110 Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala's terrain. "Testing concepts about print, newspapers, and politics: Kerala, India, 1800-2009.". Three quarters of the land area of Kerala was under thick forest up to 18th century. [86], Sources: India Meteorological Department[87][88], Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018. The climate is very hot in that area in this month. [484] The development of the indigenous classical music form, Sopana Sangeetham, illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala. The hilly areas experience cold climate whereas the plains and coastal areas have a warm climate. However, from January to February, "western disturbances" bring heavy bursts of rain and snow. "Documents of Investiture Ceremonies" in K. K. N. Kurup, Edit., "India's Naval Traditions". [67][68] El Niño-related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output. Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country, resulting in clear, sunny skies. [330][331][332] Queerala is one of the major LGBT organisation in Kerala. With peak winds of 160 miles per hour (257 km/h), it was the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane. [376] People in Kerala experience elevated incidence of cancers, liver and kidney diseases. [500][501][502] In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and O. N. V. Kurup had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature. [18][19] The state topped in the country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals according to the annual report of NITI Aayog published in 2019. [386] As of 2016, Hindus, Muslims, Christians and others account for 41.88%, 42.55%, 15.35% and 0.22% of the total child births in the state, respectively.[387]. According to a TRAI report, as of June 2018 the total number of wireless phone subscribers in Kerala is about 43.1 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 1.9 million, accounting for the telephone density of 124.15. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India[56] and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. [572][573] Padmanabhaswamy Temple in the state capital of Thiruvananthapuram holds the record as the wealthiest place of worship in the world, with assets of at least ₹1.2 trillion (equivalent to ₹2.0 trillion or US$28 billion in 2019). Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops. [206]:8 The state recorded 8.93% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005, higher than the national rate of 4.80%. Kerala has also given birth to numerous actors, such as Mohanlal, Satyan, Prem Nazir, Madhu, Sheela, Sharada, Miss Kumari, Jayan, Adoor Bhasi, Seema, Bharath Gopi, Thilakan, Mammootty, Vijaya Raghavan, Kalabhavan Mani, Indrans, Shobana, Nivin Pauly, Sreenivasan, Urvashi, Manju Warrier, Suresh Gopi, Jayaram, Murali, Shankaradi, Kavya Madhavan, Bhavana Menon, Prithviraj, Parvathy (actress), Jayasurya, Dulquer Salmaan, Oduvil Unnikrishnan, Jagathy Sreekumar, Nedumudi Venu, KPAC Lalitha, Innocent and Fahad Fazil. [37] Lacking worthy enemies, he besieged the sea by throwing his spear into it. At present the corporation has 5373 buses running on 4795 schedules.[295][296]. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. [143] The Western Ghats rise on average to 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) above sea level,[144] while the highest peaks reach around 2,500 metres (8,200 feet). At lower elevations, in parts of northern and western India, a strong, hot, and dry wind known as the loo blows in from the west during the daytime; with very high temperatures, in some cases up to around 45 °C (113 °F); it can cause fatal cases of sunstroke. The southwest summer monsoon, a four-month period when massive convective thunderstorms dominate India's weather, is Earth's most productive wet season. – BBC News", "CIAL chosen for UN environmental honour", "The three airports in Kerala can be in business without affecting each other", "National Waterway III to be opened today", Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901, "Size, Growth Rate and Distribution of Population", "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011", "Competitive religious entrepreneurs: Christian missionaries and female education in colonial and post-colonial India", "Kerala Government Has Unveiled A Policy To Enforce Constitutional Rights Of Transgenders", "Why Kerala's free sex-change surgeries will offer a new lifeline for the transgender community", "After She-Taxi, Kerala to launch G-Taxi for transgenders", "How Kerala left the country behind on transgender rights", "Affirming their right, they march with pride", "Kerala govt passes order to use 'transgender' instead of 'third/other gender, "Only 'transgender' in official communication", "India Human Development Report 2011: Towards Social Inclusion", "Human Development Index rose 21 per cent; Kerala tops chart", "Growth, reforms lift living standards in India: Human development Index", "Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 per cent, leaves behind Kerala", "Kerala tops in literacy rate, health services", "Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011–12", "EFA (Education for All) Global Monitoring Report", "Historical analysis of the development of health care facilities in Kerala State, India", "Fertility at District Level in India:Lessons from the 2011 Census", "Fertility rate to even out in 20 years in Kerala", "Kerala among the least corrupt states in India, Karnataka tops the list: study", "TABLE-3.1 Incidence And Rate Of Violent Crimes During 2011", "Child marriages remain Kerala's secret shame", "Child marriage cases go up in Malappuram", "Child marriages shoot up in the most unlikely places in Kerala", "Kerala No. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. English is the language of instruction in most self-financing schools, while government and government-aided schools offer instruction in English or Malayalam. In the Malabar Rebellion, Mappila Muslims of Malabar rioted against Hindu zamindars and the British Raj. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.[15]. [216] According to a study done in 2013, ₹175 billion (US$2.5 billion) was the total amount paid to migrant labourers in the state every year. [300][301] Major railway transport between Beypore–Tirur began on 12 March 1861, from Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section in 1902, from Kollam–Sengottai on 1 July 1904, Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram on 4 January 1918, from Nilambur-Shoranur in 1927, from Ernakulam–Kottayam in 1956, from Kottayam–Kollam in 1958, from Thiruvananthapuram–Kanyakumari in 1979 and from the Thrissur-Guruvayur Section in 1994. There are 67 navigable rivers in the state while the total length of inland waterways is 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi). [35] Near the coast, the temperature hovers around 36 °C (97 °F), and the proximity of the sea increases the level of humidity. The majority of public schools are affiliated with the SCERT Kerala. [463] Other known festivals are Makaravilakku,[464] Chinakkathoor Pooram, Attukal Pongala and Nenmara Vallangi Vela[465] Other than these, festivals locally known as utsavams are conducted by many temples mostly on annual basis. [563] In 2011, tourist inflow to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark. Chathukulam, Jos, and Joseph Tharamangalam. [20] Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal, north interior and south interior. Lunch dishes include rice and curry along with rasam, pulisherry and sambar. The climate is very warm around this city in this month. [186] According to a survey by economics research firm Indicus Analytics in 2007, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Kochi are among the "best cities in India to live"; the survey used parameters such as health, education, environment, safety, public facilities and entertainment to rank the cities.[187]. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. [38] Attracted by a low-pressure region centred over South Asia, the mass spawns surface winds that ferry humid air into India from the southwest. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland. The production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. Winter highs in Delhi range from 16 to 21 °C (61 to 70 °F). [94][95] Ibn Battuta (1342–1347), who visited the city of Kozhikode six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city. Bose, Satheese Chandra and Varughese, Shiju Sam (eds.) [82] India's highest recorded one-day rainfall total occurred on 26 July 2005, when Mumbai received 944 mm (37 in);[83] the massive flooding that resulted killed over 900 people. [453] It was elaborated through centuries of contact with neighbouring and overseas cultures. Malayalam, one of the classical languages in India, is Kerala's official language. [462] "Elephants, firework displays and huge crowds" are the major attractions of Thrissur Pooram. Adi Shankara was a religious philosopher who contributed to Hinduism and propagated the philosophy of Advaita. [122], By the end of 18th century, the whole of Kerala fell under the control of the British, either administered directly or under suzerainty. [42], The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches: the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. George, Priyadarshan, John Abraham, Ramu Karyat, K S Sethumadhavan, A. Vincent and Shaji N Karun have made a considerable contribution to the Indian parallel cinema. Despite the Himalayas being a barrier to the cold northerly winter winds, the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid winds, thus lowering the temperature in Northeast India and Bangladesh. [513] A majority of the breakfast foods in Kerala are made out of rice, in one form or the other (idli, dosa, puttu, pathiri, appam, or idiyappam), tapioca preparations, or pulse-based vada. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [264] Related animal husbandry is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalised, and the landless. [210][530] BSNL, Airtel, Vodafone Idea Limited, Jio are the major cell phone service providers. According to the Constitution of India, Kerala has a parliamentary system of representative democracy; universal suffrage is granted to residents. Punjab's three-season climate sees summer months that span from mid-April to the end of June. The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April; for most of North India, it is May. Vineeth, Anas Edathodika, Sahal Abdul Samad, and Rino Anto. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[442]. The west coast of the state is on the Arabian Sea. Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. [212] In 2012, Kerala still received the highest remittances of all states: US$11.3 billion, which was nearly 16% of the US$71 billion remittances to the country. Apart from introducing the caste system, they also changed the socio-economic life of the people by commissioning new religious centres. Such anomalies have occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s. Instead, the term "transgender" should be used. In 2006, around 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala. The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era (CE). [473] The total duration of Onam is 10 days and it is celebrated all across Kerala. All data correspond to the average monthly values of the last 20 years. Climate for Kerala (India) Average daytime and nighttime temperatures. Rocher, Ludo (1986). Miller, Roland. The weather is pleasant and comfortable in the season. [100][101][102] They established a trading center at Tangasseri in Quilon during 1502 as per the invitation of the then Queen of Quilon to start spices trade from there. [248] A package of ₹2.5 million (US$35,000) was declared for each of the cities to develop service level improvement plan (SLIP), a plan for better functioning of the local urban bodies in the cities of Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha, Kochi, Thrissur, Kozhikode, and Palakkad. [70] Muziris, Tyndis, Berkarai, and Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that time. Marine fossils have been found in an area near Changanassery, thus supporting the hypothesis. [549] Greenfield International Stadium at located at Kariavattom in Thiruvananthapuram city, is India's first DBOT (design, build, operate and transfer) model outdoor stadium and it has hosted international cricket matches and international football matches including 2015 SAFF Championship. Temperatures are around 35 °C (95 °F) but humidity is very high; nights are around 27 °C (81 °F). [527] The most widely circulated Malayalam-language newspapers are Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Deshabhimani, Mangalam Publications, Kerala Kaumudi, Chandrika, Suprabhaatham, Janayugam, Janmabhumi, Deepika and Siraj Daily. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. 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