Thus, one possible explanation for the negative relationship between REM and performance may be that REM sleep has a dose-dependent effect on cognitive outcomes such that too much REM may be at a cost to NREM sleep, disrupting circadian and homeostatic patterns (50) and, potentially, memory performance. At 9:00 AM, subjects were given 15 min to answer as many of the 10 baseline RAT problems as possible, but were not required to provide an answer for every problem. Advancement in HRV measurement techniques could allow for more data retention. Ten problems were exactly the same as the AM baseline RAT problems (Repeated condition), 10 problems had the same answers as 10 (out of 30) of the AM analogies (Primed condition), and 10 problems were completely novel (Novel condition). (4), a 90-min nap with both NREM and REM sleep boosted performance in the Primed condition [F(1,53) = 13.63, P = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.20] above QW. Fast Fourier transform quantified the absolute spectral power in the HF (0.15–0.40 Hz) and LF (0.004–0.15 Hz) bands, and total power (a summation of HF power, LF power, and all other spectral components comprising the RR interval; measured in square milliseconds). The three test words HEART, SIXTEEN, and COOKIE are associated with the solution SWEET by formation of a compound word (sweetheart), by a syntactic association (sweet sixteen), and by a semantic relationship (cookies are sweet). Ten problems were exactly the same as the AM baseline RAT problems (Repeated condition), 10 problems had the same answers as 10 (out of 30) items of the AM analogy task (Primed condition), and 10 problems were completely novel (Novel condition). Sleep spindles in NREM sleep were detected with an automated spindle detector that used both MATLAB routines and BrainVision Analyzer software (70). For both the Primed and Repeated conditions, model 2 (sleep + HRV) predicted performance significantly better (73% and 58% of variance explained, respectively) compared with model 1 (sleep only, 46% and 26% of variance explained, respectively). In rats, pairing vagal nerve stimulation with auditory stimuli has been shown to reorganize neural circuits (17) and strengthen neural response to speech sounds in the auditory cortex (18). Author contributions: E.A.M. 2 – 5 In humans, RBD can be idiopathic or associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Behavioral performance on the RAT: Percent change. Studies have suggested that the neural conditions that underlie REM sleep may play a functional role in facilitating forgetting of weaker memory traces (51). analyzed data; and L.N.W., N.C., and S.C.M. Next, we used a MANOVA on group (Nap and QW) and performance (proportion correct at PM) in Novel, Primed, and Repeated conditions, again controlling for baseline performance. Interestingly, here and in the study by Cai et al. Adapted from ref. As such, we can compare how a model accounting only for sleep’s effect on performance change compares with a model accounting for both sleep and HRV’s effect on performance change. Here, sleep spindles were no longer a significant contributor (β = 0.24, P = 0.24). Note that, for clarity, we only show a partial representation of the central autonomic network in the current figure. The gender, age, residential background, body mass index (BMI), perceived family economy and perceived study burden were obtained from a total of 4747 … We used repeated measures ANOVA to assess the changes in HRV (normalized HF HRV component and total power) across states (Wake, stage 2, SWS, and REM). Post hoc comparisons revealed the lowest total power occurred in SWS compared with all other sleep stages [SWS < stage 2 (P = 0.001), < REM (P = 0.001)]. Further, during REM sleep, there is an increase in overall cardiac autonomic activity (24) accompanied by an increase in central control of cardiac regulatory patterns compared with NREM sleep (67). In contrast, some nondeclarative information, such as our Primed condition here, mainly rely on sleep processes (5, 44, 45). Epochs of stage 1 and wake after sleep onset were not analyzed, because these periods have not been previously reported to contribute to memory consolidation. We do not capture any email address. For the Novel condition, sleep variables did not significantly predict performance in model 1 [F(3,13) = 0.89, P = 0.47]. Note that the Primed RAT problems were selected before the analogy task following the above-mentioned counterbalanced order. No improvement was seen the Nap group in the Novel or Repeated condition compared with QW, although in the Repeated condition, the Nap group nominally performed better than the QW group. During sleep, fluctuations in ANS activity are traditionally measured using heart rate variability (HRV), defined as the variance between consecutive heartbeats [RR interval (23)]. Brain tumors: An MRI will reveal whether you have a brain tumor that could be contributing to feeling excessively sleepy throughout the day. (4): Primed (answers to RAT problems were primed by an irrelevant task) and Repeated (RAT problems were repeated from an earlier test session). REM is a deep stage of sleep with intense brain activity in the forebrain and midbrain. Our study suggests that REM sleep, a period of high acetylcholine (but low norepinephrine) and vagal activity, may be a brain state optimally positioned to enhance plasticity. Prior studies have established that parasympathetic/vagal activity is associated with the high-frequency component of HRV [HF HRV; 0.15–0.40 Hz (23)]. This result suggests that REM sleep offers a unique opportunity for highly associative processing. Because this study is, to our knowledge, the first of its kind to examine the effect of HRV during sleep on memory consolidation, we chose to use these methods to estimate HRV. We hypothesize that the decreased Primed performance may be related to an inability in the QW group to disengage from the associations that were set up by the analogies task, which impaired their ability to generate new associations to the primed words in the RAT task. Prior studies have established that parasympathetic/vagal activity is associated with the high-frequency component of HRV [HF HRV; 0.15–0.40 Hz (23)]. Tukey’s honest significant difference tests with Bonferroni corrections were used for all post hoc comparisons and η2p is reported for effect size. Descending projections from the PFC to the hypothalamus and brainstem create a feedback loop facilitating the modulation of peripheral activity by the central nervous system, including HRV. Using a regression framework, we examined the amount of performance change (computed as proportion correct PM − proportion correct AM/proportion correct AM * 100; Table 2 and SI Materials and Methods) in each condition accounted for by the sleep predictors in model 1, as well as the sleep and HRV predictors in model 2. In summary, the current study presents a novel research direction in which both central and peripheral states are considered when examining memory consolidation during sleep. This idea is consistent with the hypothesis that declarative memories consolidate in an opportunistic manner (40), such as in times of low external input (i.e., during a quiet wake period or during sleep), as has been shown in auditory tone sequence learning (41), visual search (42), and pursuit motor tasks (43). Danielle Pacheco. Sleep is crucial for consolidating our memories, and sleep deprivation has long been known to interfere with learning and memory. Unfortunately, the modern lifestyle has significantly altered the sleep cycle of many people. During REM sleep, the dilation was even larger than during non-REM sleep. Descending projections from the PFC to autonomic/visceral sites of the hypothalamus and brainstem create a feedback loop allowing for bidirectional communication between central memory areas and peripheral sites (12⇓–14) (Fig. In contrast, without sleep, subjects may have had difficulty in breaking with the associations set up by the analogies task, and thus showed decreased ability to use the primed words in the subsequent creativity task. Modulatory system: from periphery to brain 15 amplifiers with Grass GAMMA software if the analogy. In fact, HF HRV is associated with memory consolidation has never been examined of HRV during REM Primed! Relationship with performance suggests that REM sleep ( 25, 36 ) longer a significant contributor ( β =,... 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