The significance of these impersonations and sacrifices was once again one of regeneration related to agriculture. Wiktionary (mythology) A theonym, usually borne by xipe totēc. Xipe Totec rose to prominence in the Aztec pantheon, and was also worshipped by such cultures as the Zapotecs, Mixtecs, and Toltecs. Back to Top. These involved captives who had displayed most courage being placed on a circular stone platform (temalacatl), bound up and made to fight elite Eagle and Jaguar warriors or knights. Xipe Totec. The eyes are not visible, the mouth is open and the ears are perforated. National Institute of Anthropology and History, Archaeologists have found a temple to the ‘Flayed Lord’ in Mexico, "Mexican experts discover first temple of god depicted as skinned human corpse", "Museo de América (Catalogue - item 1991/11/48)", "Las representaciones de Xipe Totec en la frontera sur Mesoamericana", "La música en la fiesta del dios Xipe Totec", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xipe_Totec&oldid=996712957, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 06:05. [22] His body is often painted yellow on one side and tan on the other. [26] The living god lay concealed underneath the superficial veneer of death, ready to burst forth like a germinating seed. He was considered the god of spring, the patron god of seeds and planting and the patron of metal workers (especially goldsmiths) and gemstone workers. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Pronounce word 150. Pronounce word 150. While in the houses, they sat down on sheaves of tzapote leaves and put on necklaces which were made of ears of corn and flowers. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [6], The annual festival of Xipe Totec was celebrated on the spring equinox before the onset of the rainy season; it was known as Tlacaxipehualiztli ([t͡ɬakaʃipewaˈlist͡ɬi]; lit. They are introspective, scientific & analytical. [38], Various methods of human sacrifice were used to honour this god. Xipe Totec aids warriors in fighting their enemies. [34] This act of putting on new skin was a ceremony called 'Neteotquiliztli' translating to "impersonation of a god". Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.324. Xipe Totec, (Nahuatl: “Our Lord the Flayed One”) Mesoamerican god of spring and new vegetation and patron of goldsmiths. Profile Information. Mark is a history writer based in Italy. Neumann 1976, p.255. Xipe-Totec, « Notre Seigneur l’Ecorché », est associé, comme Tlaloc, à la couleur rouge et à la direction orientale de l’espace. Journal Archives. Fun Facts about the name Totec. [21] His hands are bent in a position that appears to possibly hold a ceremonial object. [23] One Xipe Totec sculpture was carved from volcanic rock, and portrays a man standing on a small pedestal. Without his skin, he was depicted as a golden god. Thanks for contributing. A deity of agricultural renewal, vegetation, seasons, goldsmiths and liberation, Xipe Totec was included among one of the leading Aztec gods and gods. The institute said experts found two skull-like volcanic-rock carvings and a stone trunk depicting the god, Xipe Totec (meaning ‘our lord of the flayed’). The sacrificial victims, usually war captives, were then skinned in symbolic imitation of the regeneration of plants and seeds which shed their husks and thereby provide new seeds. It is possible the name you are searching has less than five occurrences per year. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.422, Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.478, Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.423. They are helpful & friendly. Written by Mark Cartwright, published on 06 August 2013 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Xipe Totec emerging from rotting, flayed skin after twenty days symbolised rebirth and the renewal of the seasons, the casting off of the old and the growth of new vegetation. [29] This festival took place in March at the time of the Spanish Conquest. The deity probably became an important Aztec god as a result of the Aztec conquest of the Gulf Coast in the middle of the fifteenth century. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. It is a day for action, not reflection. He was also the patron god of goldsmiths. Xipe Totec is the god of seeds, rebirth and the shedding of skin. Meanings for xipe totec Add a meaning Cancel. This form may bear cryptic meanings of some sort. [8] He flayed himself to give food to humanity, symbolic of the way maize seeds lose their outer layer before germination and of snakes shedding their skin. [35] The skins were often adorned with bright feathers and gold jewellery when worn. Visit a page 5. 20 Jan 2021. How unique is the name Xipe? They also wore skirts made of rich feathers and a wide gold necklace. Xi-pe To-tec)  or ‘Flayed One’ in Nahuatl, was a major god in ancient Mesoamerican culture and particularly important for the Toltecs and Aztecs. Mesoamerican Mythology : A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs... Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. He is associated with springtime and transformation. [4] The Tlaxcaltecs and the Huexotzincas worshipped a version of the deity under the name of Camaxtli,[5] and the god has been identified with Yopi, a Zapotec god represented on Classic Period urns. Xipe Totec, the Aztec god of spring and regeneration, appears in many Mesoamerican cults. Get all the lyrics to songs by Xipe Totec and join the Genius community of music scholars to learn the meaning behind the lyrics. A satrap was adorned in the skin taken from one of the captives in order to appear like Xipe Totec. aztec god that wore the skin of his victims. After the conclusion of this game, those who wore the human skins went around throughout the whole town, entering houses and demanding that those in the houses give them some alms or gifts for the love of Xipe Totec. Add a comment 10. [6] When the twenty-day festival was over, the flayed skins were removed and stored in special containers with tight-fitting lids designed to stop the stench of putrefaction from escaping. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Smith 1996, 2003, p.252. He is equivalent to the Red Tezcatlipoca, patron of Cuauhtli (eagle), the unfavourable 15th Aztec day-name and he was represented by the date 1 Océlotl. [31] The central ritual act of "Tlacaxipehualiztli" was the gladiatorial sacrifice of war prisoners, which both began and culminated the festival. made famous by aztec festival where hottest guy in town dances his way all around the city, up the highest temple, where he is killed and skinned (or vice verca) by the priest, who then wears the skin until it decomposes. Sometimes credited with being a creator god along with his brothers, Xipe Totec was also closely associated with death, which resulted in him being considered the source of diseases amongst mankind. Journal Profile Recs Send DU Mail Ignore RSS feed. Sites Mythologica Learn more.. Xipe Totec, the Aztec god of spring and regeneration, appears in many Mesoamerican cults. How unique is the name Totec? They are gracious, truthful & straightforward. Xipe Totec est le dieu du printemps, de la renaissance de la nature. [24][25] In most of Xipe Totec sculptures, artists always make emphasis in his sacrificial and renewal nature by portraying the different layers of skin. [34] After having the heart cut out, the body was carefully flayed to produce a nearly whole skin which was then worn by the priests for twenty days during the fertility rituals that followed the sacrifice. Xipe Totec is the god of seeds, rebirth and the shedding of skin. Last modified August 06, 2013. [21] His mouth, lips, neck, hands and legs are sometimes painted red. Related Content [33] Annually, slaves or captives were selected as sacrifices to Xipe Totec. Cuauhtli is associated with freedom and equality. unknown. Cite This Work [16] Representations of the god have been found as far away as Tazumal in El Salvador. Connu sous le nom de Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca, « Le Miroir rouge qui fume », il est appelé Yopi (1) et Camaxtli (2). [42] After the victim was shot with the arrows, the heart was removed with a stone knife. As a god associated with plague and other bodily afflictions, he causes and cures ailments like smallpox, eye sickness, blisters, inflammation, pimples and plague. You are not logged in.. Xipe Totec (pronounced Shee-peh Toh-tek) is “Our Lord with skinned skin”. Visit a page 5. These ceremonies went on for twenty days, meanwhile the votaries of the god wore the skins. Xipe Totec's Journal. Neumann 1976, pp.252. They are docile, sensitive, gentle & kind. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.422. [14] New vegetation was represented by putting on the new skin of a flayed captive because it symbolized the vegetation the earth puts on when the rain comes. XIPE TOTEC was the Aztec god of spring (the beginning of the rainy season) and of new vegetation. Xipe Totec. Xipe Totec (pron. Rattles were put in the right hand and a gold shield was put in the left hand, while red sandals were put on their feet decorated with quail-feathers. the Aztec god of sowing or planting. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.423. [44], Other forms of sacrifice were sometimes used; at times the victim was cast into a firepit and burned, others had their throats cut.[40]. Xipe Totec was also known by various other names, including Tlatlauhca (Nahuatl pronunciation: [t͡ɬaˈt͡ɬawʔka]), Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca (Nahuatl pronunciation: [t͡ɬaˈt͡ɬawʔki teskat͡ɬiˈpoːka]) ("Red Smoking Mirror") and Youalahuan (Nahuatl pronunciation: [jowaˈlawan]) ("the Night Drinker"). The Tlaxcaltecsand … We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. One of the highlights of the Tlacaxipehualiztli festival was the Tlahuahuanaliztli gladiatorial contests. While some Aztec gods had names that require interpretation to understand, Xipe Totec’s name simply meant “Our Lord the Flayed One.”2This was an apt name, as he was nearly always depicted wearing the flayed skin of a sacrificial victim. On the dress, they put a crown made of rich feathers, which was also a wig of false hair. (ˈʃipei, Spanish ˈhipe) noun. In art Xipe Totec was a popular subject both in statues and masks. Fernández 1992, 1996, pp.60-63. They give in easily. Cuauhtli is associated with freedom and equality. first-person plural possessive singular of tēuctli; (he is) our lord. [15], This deity is of uncertain origin. [30] Forty days before the festival of Xipe Totec, a slave who was captured at war was dressed to represent the living god who was honored during this period. Weird things about the name Xipe: The name spelled backwards is Epix. Coailhuitl or the Snake Festival) was held in honour of Xipe Totec and human sacrifices were made to appease the god and ensure a good harvest that year. "Xipe Totec." These containers were then stored in a chamber beneath the temple. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Another possible origin is from the Yope civilization in the southern highlands of Guerrero. As a symbol of the new vegetation, Xipe Totec wore the skin of a human victim—the “new … [32] On the next day of the festival, the game of canes was performed in the manner of two bands. Xipe Totec (nahuatliksi “Meidän nyljetty herramme”) on mesoamerikkalainen kevään ja uuden kasvillisuuden jumala sekä kultaseppien suojelija. Cartwright, M. (2013, August 06). [22] He frequently had vertical stripes running down from his forehead to his chin, running across the eyes. It is likely that sculptures of Xipe Totec were ritually dressed in the flayed skin of sacrificial victims and wore sandals. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.422, 468. Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60. Learn more.. [9] His insignia included the pointed cap and rattle staff, which was the war attire for the Mexica emperor. Thanks for contributing. Xipe Totec is believed to be the son of Ometeotl (meaning ‘Two Gods’), a primordial god who was both male and female… They like the opposite sex. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. The flayed skins were often taken from sacrificial victims who had their hearts cut out, and some representations of Xipe Totec show a stitched-up wound in the chest. Xipe Totec was known by other names as well, including Tlatlauhca, Red Tezcatlipoca, Yoalli Tlauana (Night Drinker), Tlaclau Queteztzatlipuca, and Camaxtli.3 Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.422. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 06 Aug 2013. He can cast a ghoulish figure wearing the skin of one of his sacrificial victims which is elaborately tied with a string at the back, shows the incision where the victim’s heart was removed and with even the flayed hands hanging from the god’s wrists. Xipe Totec was a deity found in various Mesoamerican cultures, albeit known by different names. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.426. Out of 6,028,151 records in the U.S. Social Security Administration public data, the first name Xipe was not present. Xipe Totec traded her immortal life as a spirit in order to buy time for the potential discovery of the wielder of the Blue Tezcatlipoca. Abilities: As a god of agriculture, he causes crops to grow readily and abundantly for farmers. xipe totec. [45] Among this group, those who stole gold or silver were sacrificed to Xipe Totec. In Aztec mythology and religion, Xipe Totec (/ˈʃiːpə ˈtoʊtɛk/; Classical Nahuatl: Xīpe Totēc [ˈʃiːpe ˈtoteːkʷ]) or Xipetotec[1] ("Our Lord the Flayed One")[2] was a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, vegetation, the east , spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths, liberation, and the seasons. Add a comment 10. The deity was honored with a dance and ended in a war exercise. Xipe Totecia palvoivat tolteekit ja asteekit.Keväällä maasta nousevan tuoreen kasvuston symbolina jumalalla oli ihmisuhrin nyljetty nahka ”uusi iho”, joka peitti maata keväisin. Cited Source. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.54-5. Xipe Totec. Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60. They had them put on garlands and give them pulque to drink, which was their wine. The late Post-classical Maya also adopted Xipe Totec and representations of the god survive at Oxkintok, Chichen Itza and Mayapan. Gender: Do not display Current location: The Republic of Texas Member since: Thu Apr 8, 2004, 05:04 PM Number of posts: 42,820. In Aztec mythology and religion, Xipe Totec or Xipetotec ("Our Lord the Flayed One") was a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, vegetation, the east , spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths, liberation, and the seasons. Xipe Totec, more commonly known by her nickname Murder, is the raven avian spirit with whom Ixtlilton, Xochipilli, and Xochiquetzal sealed away the Black Tezcatlipoca. The first band were those who took the part of Xipe Totec and went dressed in the skins of the war prisoners who were killed the previous day, so the fresh blood was still flowing. Person with Xipe-topec having 7 as Personality number love nature & peaceful ambiance. [13] Xipe Totec has a strong relation to diseases such as smallpox, blisters and eye sickness[14] and if someone suffered from these diseases offerings were made to him. The Popolucas built the temple in an area called Ndachjian-Tehuacan between AD 1000 and 1260 prior to Aztec invasion of the area.[18]. Définitions de Masque de Xipe Totec, synonymes, antonymes, dérivés de Masque de Xipe Totec, dictionnaire analogique de Masque de Xipe Totec (français) https://www.ancient.eu/Xipe_Totec/. The first representations of the god in art, however, date to the Post-classical period (9th to 12th century CE) in the Mazapan culture at Texcoco. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. It is a bad day to ignore the will of the gods. #XipeTotec #audioversity~~~ Xipe Totec ~~~Title: What is Xipe Totec? Ancient History Encyclopedia. [39], "Arrow sacrifice" was another method used by the worshippers of Xipe Totec. Then, on the day of the festival at dawn, the impersonator was sacrificed - often actually regarded as an honour in Mesoamerican religion - and skinned along with impersonators of another eight gods including Quetzalcóatl. Xipe Totec was venerated by the Toltecs and Aztecs. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.451-2. 7. [41] At the end of the Tlacaxipehualiztli festival, gladiator sacrifice (known as tlauauaniliztli) was carried out by five Aztec warriors; two jaguar warriors, two eagle warriors and a fifth, left-handed warrior. Xipe Totec perhaps originated with the Olmec culture and developed from their ancient God VI. Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.188. Origin of Totec . They love perfection, teaching & spirituality. They lack initiative. Add word 100. Add thesaurus 100. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.468. [36] During the festival, victorious warriors wearing flayed skins carried out mock skirmishes throughout Tenochtitlan, they passed through the city begging alms and blessed whoever gave them food or other offerings. Xipe Totec. The worship of Xipe Totec was common along the Gulf Coast during the Early Postclassic. As a symbol of the new vegetation, Xipe Totec wore the skin of a human victim - the "new skin" that covered the earth in the spring. Origin and Meaning of Totec Submit the origin and/or meaning of Totec to us below. The chest has an incision, made in order to extract the heart of the victim before flaying. They hate doing physical work. [40] A white cord was tied either around his waist or his ankle, binding him to the sacred temalacatl stone. Il s’agit d’une divinité originaire du Sud-Est du Mexique, de l’Oaxaca et du Guerrero (3) . [37], The goldsmiths also participated in Tlacaxipehualizti. The skins of all these victims were dyed yellow and called teocuitlaquemitl or golden robes and were either worn by priests who performed ritual dances in them in the ceremony known as Tozoztontl held the following month or worn by young men for 20 days who then went around begging until the skins rotted away and the remains were then buried in the god’s temple. In Mesoamerican mythology Xipe Totec was the son of the primordial androgynous god Ometeotl and, specifically in Aztec mythology, he was the brother of those other three major gods Tezcatlipoca, Huizilopochtli and Quetzalcoatl. Xipe in American English. by Papageno (Public Domain) Xipe Totec ( pron. Add thesaurus 100. Michael D. Coe & Rex Koontz 1962, 1977, 1984, 1994, 2002, 2008, p.207. Every spring in the third month of the solar year the festival of Tlacaxipehualiztli (a.k.a. [6] The female equivalent of Xipe Totec was the goddess Xilonen-Chicomecoatl. [6] He was sometimes depicted with a yellow shield and carrying a container filled with seeds. Xipe Totec \ʃi.pe tɔ.tɛk\ masculin (Divinit é) Dieu aztèque du renouveau de la nature, de l’agriculture et de la pluie nocturne bienfaisante. [14], The flayed skins were believed to have curative properties when touched and mothers took their children to touch such skins in order to relieve their ailments. People with name Xipe-topec seek religion & wisdom. Xipe Totec appears in codices with his right hand upraised and his left hand extending towards the front. He is most often represented rather grotesquely with a bloated face (sometimes striped), sunken eyes and double lips. Cuauhtli, meaning ‘eagle’, is the day in the Aztec calendar associated with the goddess Xipe Totec. They love tranquility. A fertility deity, Xipe Totec vividly conveys the concept of death and rebirth by wearing the flayed skin of a sacrificial victim. [43], Another instance of sacrifice was done by a group of metalworkers who were located in the town of Atzcapoatzalco, who held Xipe Totec in special veneration. The sacrificial victim was bound spread-eagled to a wooden frame, he was then shot with many arrows so that his blood spilled onto the ground. How do you say xipe totec, learn pronunciation of xipe totec in PronounceHippo.com. Vote & Rate 5. Xipe Totec ("Nostro Signore lo Scorticato"), era una divinità mixteca, in origine chiamata semplicemente Xipe, assimilata poi alla mitologia azteca.Era una divinità che presiedeva alla rinascita, al passaggio dalla morte alla vita e viceversa, dio dell'agricoltura, dell'occidente, delle malattie, della primavera, dei fabbri e delle stagioni. It has been speculated that this god has its origins in either the Olmec or the Yope culture. "Xipe Totec." Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.422. Vote & Rate 5. They had a feast called Yopico every year in the temple during the month of Tlacaxipehualizti. Franke J. Neumann 1976, p. 254. The Tizoc Stone is a huge stone cylinder from the Aztec capital... Xipe Totec Temple To The "Flayed God" Discover By Archaeologists. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. [28] People wishing to be cured made offerings to him at Yopico. Books You are not logged in.. However, there was no chance of survival as the knights were armed with the vicious macuauhuitl, a hardwood sword edged with razor-sharp obsidian, whilst the captive had a sword edged with feathers so, aside from tickling to death his opponents, the contest was a foregone conclusion and merely a more elaborate form of sacrifice than meted out to the other victims of the festival. They are individualistic, creative, dignified, serene & tolerant. Fun Facts about the name Xipe. xipe totec pronunciation with translations, sentences, synonyms, meanings, antonyms and more. "flaying of men"). People with name Xipe totec are followers & not leaders. Add collection 200. His special interests include pottery, architecture, world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.171. Cartwright, Mark. Xi-pe To-tec) or ‘Flayed One’ in Nahuatl, was a major god in ancient Mesoamerican culture and particularly important for the Toltecs and Aztecs. It is a day for action, not reflection. Xipe-topec Numerology : Personality No. He is associated with springtime and transformation. Web. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Xipe_Totec/. [17] The temple was found while examining ruins of the Popoluca peoples indigenous to Mexico. However, the god also received many offerings from worshippers calling for him to cure illnesses, especially eye ailments. Add collection 200. Ancient History Encyclopedia. [39], "Gladiator sacrifice" is the name given to the form of sacrifice in which an especially courageous war captive was given mock weapons, tied to a large circular stone and forced to fight against a fully armed Aztec warrior. The flayer then made a laceration from the lower head to the heels and removed the skin in one piece. Définitions de Xipe_Totec, synonymes, antonymes, dérivés de Xipe_Totec, dictionnaire analogique de Xipe_Totec (français) Before this sacrifice, the victims were taken through the streets as a warning to others. [40] The spilling of the victim's blood to the ground was symbolic of the desired abundant rainfall, with a hopeful result of plentiful crops. Add word 100. The god was a major Aztec deity and was also worshipped by the Tlaxcaltecans, Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Tarascan and Huastecs. Gold ornaments were put in the nose and nasal septum. [20] Xipe Totec is represented wearing flayed human skin, usually with the flayed skin of the hands falling loose from the wrists. They are artistic & imaginative. Person with Xipe totec having 2 as Personality number give undue importance to family. As a weapon he was given a macuahuitl (a wooden sword with blades formed from obsidian) with the obsidian blades replaced with feathers. Meanings for Xipe - Totec Add a meaning Cancel. The festival was preceded by an even stranger practice of an impersonator dressing as Xipe Totec for 40 days before the big day, splendidly decked out in bright red spoonbill feathers and sparkling golden jewellery. In some cases, some parts of the human skin covering is painted yellowish-gray. [10] He had a temple called Yopico within the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan. The opposing band was composed of daring soldiers who were brave and fearless, and who took part in the combat with the others. They were seated and offered Xipe Totec an uncooked tart of ground maize, many ears of corn that had been broken apart in order to get to the seeds, along with fruits and flowers. Xipe Totec was widely worshipped in central Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest,[6] and was known throughout most of Mesoamerica. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Also called: Xipe Totec (ˈʃipei ˈtoutek, Spanish ˈhipe ˈtɔtek) Most material © 2005, 1997, 1991 by Penguin Random … Matos Moctezuma 1988, p.181. [6] Xipe Totec is associated with pimples, inflammation and eye diseases,[11][12] and possibly plague. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. [3] Xipe Totec was also known by various other names, including Tlatlauhca (Nahuatl pronunciation: [t͡ɬaˈt͡ɬawʔka]), Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca (Nahuatl pronunciation: [t͡ɬaˈt͡ɬawʔki teskat͡ɬiˈpoːka]) ("Red Smoking Mirror") and Youalahuan (Nahuatl pronunciation: [jowaˈlawan]) ("the Night Drinker"). [27] The deity also had a malevolent side as Xipe Totec was said to cause rashes, pimples, inflammations and eye infections. Totec Means. [6], In January 2019, Mexican archaeologists from the National Institute of Anthropology and History confirmed that they had discovered the first known surviving temple dedicated to Xipe Totec in the Puebla state of Mexico. This occurred in every ward of the city, which resulted in multiple slaves being selected. Submit. Xipe Totec was believed by the Aztecs to be the god that invented war. [44] Xipe was a patron to all metalworkers (teocuitlapizque), but he was particularly associated with the goldsmiths. License. Cartwright, Mark. [7], Xipe Totec connected agricultural renewal with warfare.

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